Tuesday, January 9, 2024

Shakespeare -- Timeline -- Literary Companion Series

36 plays in all -- see this post for settings of plays.

  • ten set in Italy
  • ten set in countries outside of England, Italy

Timeline:

  • 1592: made his mark as a playwright by 1592;
  • The Tragedy of Titus Andronicus, Shakespeare's first tragedy;
    • first appeared, 1594 in printed form but without the author's name
  • 1590s
    • Henry VI, the wars with France: the three-part play,
    • The Comedy of Errors, structured the plot according to a popular school text, Plautus's Menaechmi;
    • Richard III: one star play, a callous villain, anticipates Macbeth
  • the plague, ~ 1592 - ~1593
    • theaters closed
    • wrote poetry
      • 1593
        • Venus and Adonis
      • 1594
        • The Rape of Lucrece
      • a series of sonnets: 154
  • Turning point in Shakespeare's career:
    • 1594: turned from sonnets to establishing himself with an acting company
      • end of plague, theaters re-opened;
    • 1594, summer: under the patronage of Henry Lord Hunsdon -- Lord Chamberlain's Men,
      • various theaters: the Theatre, the Curtain, and the Swan
      • permanent members included: Henry Condell, John Heminge, Shakespeare, Richard Burbage (famous tragedian), William Sly, and Will Kempe (famous comedian)
  • Major successes, betwween 1595 and 1598
    • 1598: Love's Labour's Lost, perhaps the only play withouut a borrowed plot; portrays current social and political life; the first published play with his name; (one of two lyrical plays)
    • The Two Gentlemen from Verona (one of two lyrical plays)
    • A Midsummer Night's Ddream; even move inventive; more inventive plot, more interesting characters from the fairy world;
    • The Taming of the Shrew
    • The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet 
  • history plays:
    • Richard II; Henry IV, Part I, Part 2; the fat knight Falstaff)
    • Henry V
    • King John; 
  • Then
    • The Merry Wives of Windsor, QE's request for more Falstaff
    • Much Ado About Nothing;
    • The Merchant of Venice.
  • Outpouring of comedies and tragedies 
    • after 1598, the plays appeared quickly
    • 1599: The Tragedy of Julius Caesar
    • for Kempe (along with The Merry Wives of Windsor):
      • As You Like It
      • Twelfth Night (during the Twelfth Night of 1599 - 1600)
  • after 1600, his greatest tragedies:
    • Hamlet (most interesting play ever written?)
    • Othello
  • opening of the Globe marked a new phase in Shakespeare's reputation
  • March 13, 1603: QE dies; James I succeeds her; renames the company the King's Men
  • 1603 - 1608: Shakespeare's plays changed again
    • two transitional comedies
      • All Wells That Ends Well (an uneven play; seldom performed)
      • Measure for Measure 
  • after 1604: plays probe deeply into the minds of their heroes:
  • 1606:  
    • The Tragedy of King Lear, Christmas holidays in court of King James I,
      • most consider this his greatest play
      • 1606: Macbeth
        • a tribute to James I on the occasion of a state visit from the king of Denmark
        • takes place in Scotland, James's ancestral home
  • after those four great tragedies, returns to Plutarch's Lives as a source for three more:
    • The Tragedy of Antony and Cleopatra, part II of Julius Caesar
    • The Tragedy of Coriolanus, a political play, the weakness of politicians
    • Timon off Athens; an unfinished play about an ancient Greek mentioned briefly in Plutach's Lives 
  • final period:
    • four plays in a new format -- romances or maybe, tragicomedies
      • Pericles, a transitional play, portions appear to have been written by a second playwright
        • 1610: Cymbeline, a melodrama; woman flees her abusive husband; returns;
        • 1610 or 1611: The Winter's Tale
        • The Tempest: written for James 1 to celebrate a court wedding; Shakespeare's farewell to the theater
  • final play; only play after this farewell: Henry VIII 
    • the Globe burned down during the staging of this play; spark from a cannon
    • many of Shakespeare's papers were probably lost in this fire
  • 1614 - 1615: retired in Stratford
  • died april 23, 1616, suddenly, short illness;
  • the First Folio 
    • 1623: plays collected and published them as the First Folio

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From Another Source, Perhaps W.H. Auden

Written                    First performed

 
1590-91         Henry VI, Part II        1594?
1590-91        Henry VI, Part III        1594?
1591-92        Henry VI, Part I        1623
1592-1593        Richard III            1597

1592-93        Comedy of Errors        1623
1593-94        Titus Andronicus        1594
1593-94        Taming of the Shrew    1623
1594-95        Two Gentlemen of Verona    1623
1594-95        Love’s Labour’s Lost    1598?
1594-95        Romeo and Juliet        1597
1595-96        Richard II            1597
1595-96        A Midsummer Night’s Dream    1600

1596-97        King John            1623
1596-97        The Merchant of Venice    1600
1597-98        Henry IV, Part I        1598    Falstaff
1597-98        Henry IV, Part II        1600    Falstaff
1598-99        Much Ado About Nothing    1600
1598-99        Henry V            1600

1599-1600    Julius Caesar        1600
1599-1600    As You Like It        1623
1599-1600    Twelfth Night        1623
1600-01        Hamlet            1603
1600-01        The Merry Wives of Windsor    1602    Falstaff
1601-02        Troilus and Cressida    1609

1602-03        All’s Well That Ends Well    1623
1604-05        Measure for Measure    1623
1604-05        Othello            1622
1605-06        King Lear            1608
1605-06        Macbeth            1623
1606-07        Antony and Cleopatra    1623 [Part of Julius Caesar]
1607-08        Coriolanus        1623
1607-08        Timon of Athens        1623
1608-09        Pericles            1609
1609-10        Cymbeline        1623
1610-11        The Winter’s Tale        1623 (The Queen's Tale)
1611-12        The Tempest        1623
1612-13        Henry VIII            1623
1612-13        The Two Noble Kinsmen*    1634

*The Two Noble Kinsmen is listed as one of Shakespeare’s plays although it must be noted that all but a few scholars believe it to be an original work of Shakespeare.  The majority of the play was probably written by John Fletcher, who was a prominent actor and Shakespeare’s close friend.  Fletch succeeded Shakespeare as foremost dramatist for the King’s Men (the successor to the Chamberlain’s Men.





 



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