New Words / Concepts
Sieur de La Salle: sieur ("sir") = lord, sir
pays d'en haut: northeast Canada; Great Lakes; pais -- Spanish for country
riparian p. 255.
February 5, 2023
Horses
A small group remained behind, p. 254. The Utes remained; allied themselves with thee kumantsi (Comanches)
a small group broke off from the Utes --> Shoshones.
February 5, 2023
Emerging Large Empires
Woke
Without question, I wish our teachers in middle school and high school would have done a better job with Native American - Indian history. I think they could have made geography much more interesting, also.
This book is incredible. I've read it once and am now skipping around to re-read the sections that interest me most.
Later I need to catalogue the Nations and the Confederacies.
From my miscellaneous handwritten notes from this morning.
Chapter 16: "They Smelled Like Alligators"
Switching from English colonists on the East Coast to French trade and diplomacy in Louisiana and then north on the Mississippi to as far as Wisconsin and the rise of the Sioux.
Reading this chapteer -- even greater "argument" that UND "fighting Sioux" was the most correct moniker and "going woke" was unfortunate. Kids will now grow up picturing the Lakota as peaceful farmers who became docile servants of the great white adventurers. Growing up in Williston, I feared wrestling native Americans at state meets; growing up now, the same group would no longer get my respect.
One make these analogies:
- Sioux / Lakota : unwoke / woke
- warriors / vanquishe
- ranchers / farmers
- adventurers / laz
- the feminization of the Sioux
- UND football / Harvard rowing team
But I digress.
There were three European countries involved: the English, the northeast Atlantic coast; the Spanish, the southeast coast and the southwest, California coast to west Texas; and, the French, who looked to take the entire interior from northeast Canada to the Great Lakes, down the Mississippi to the the Gulf Coast.
The French -- it was called New France -- were looking for the river that would connect the interior to the "Sea of the West" -- the Pacific Ocean -- and then the incredible, vast riches of China. That was the interest of France.
It is interesting to note that in some ways Thomas Jefferson was more French than English, and my hunch, he followed the French adventures in the New World more closely than anyone else. The Louisiana Purchase was the "purchase of New France."
1670s: looking for that river to the "Sea of the West," the French had confirmed by the 1670s tht the Mississippi River ran south. The Tennessee Riveer, discovered first and to the east of the Mississippi ran north.
Meanwhile, the Native Americans were moving from the Atlantic coast to the interior, as much as because of the colonists as for other reasons.
Illini Confederacy: 10,000 -- roughly the same size population as New France.
La Salle: from Cairo / St Louis -- confluence oof Missouri / Mississippi / Ohio rivers to the Gulf.
after claiming the entire watershed from the Great Lakes to the confluence, he then sailed to the Gulf and claimed that entire watershed for France
He could only do this with the support of the Illini Confederacy.
Illini Confederacy.
Louisiana.
p. 218 -- Fort Detroit -- 1712 - claimed by the Meskwakis ("milwaukee"?)
a key takeaway
Natchez -- Louisiana.
The Sioux -- the West -- pp. 228 - 230!!
Chapter 17: the interior, the Sious, the horse!
The first domesticated North American animal: the dog. Considered magical / sacred. The horse was just as magical, just as sacred; a bigger version of the dog.
p. 253: the Missouri Valley --
Lakotas vs Otoes, Omahas, Poncas, Iowas
Lakotas: Seven Council Fires -- moving to the Missouri River!!
Missouri River occupied by: Pawnees, Otoes, Omahas, Poncas, Iowas, MHA -- Mandans, Hidatsas, Arikaras -- about 50,000 in the Missouri Valley
Lakotas: from the Great Lakes to the Missouri River.
Protein poisoning: p. 253 -- middle of page.
Lakotas aligned themselves with Arikara Nation and began to raise crops, p. 254.
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Notes From February 4, 2023
Geographic features.
Center of US
Missouri River enters Mississippi from the west: ST LOUIS
Ohio River enters the Mississippi from the east: CAIRO
Missouri enters a bit farther north; ST LOUIS becomes the big city in the area
Ohio enters a bit farther south: geography more confusing - city of CAIRO, IL but right at junction of three states: at the southern tip of Illinois; west tip of Kentucky; eastern border of Missouri
Cairo: southernmost city Illinois. US Grant, Fort Defiance.
Ohio River forms border of many states, west to east: Illinois, Indiana, Ohio
some suggest the Ohio River is a continuation of the Mason-Dixon line; PA / DE -- north / south at time of Civil War;
Not aware of many large tributaries to the Missouri.
However, the Tennessee River is a huge tributary to the Ohio River; divides Kentucky "in half"; passes through Nashville to the south; one of the few rivers that flows north. The Tennessee is a long, meandering river that begins in east Tennessee, drops south into Mississippi and then back north into Tennessee, cutting that state into west/east divisions.
Muscle Shoals is on the Tennessee River in Mississippi just before the river cuts back into Tennessee.
The Kentucky River is to the east of the Tennessee River; entirely within the state of Kentucky.
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Notes Prior To February 4, 2023
The Book
Chapter 1: Creation stories
p. 5 - 6: Iroquois: Sky People, Sky Woman, Turtle, Muskrat
p. 6: Pawnee: corn, bufffalo, plains
p. 6: Cherokees
p. 6 - 7: Sicangu Lakotas
Teton Lakota American Indian
Sicangu Oyate
"Burnt Thighs Nation"
Brule: one of seven branches or bands of the Sicangu Oyate
-- major center: Rosebud Indian Reservation
-- Rosebud Sioux Tribe
p. 7: Kiowas
p. 7: Navajos
Climate
1) starting 2.5 million years ago
-- glaciers / ice sheets locked up water
-- sea level dropped significantly
-- Beringia: 600-mile-wide landmass
-- connected Asia / America
2) then melting glaciers began: 21,000 years ago
-- a narrow ice-free corridor on eastern side of the Rocky Mountains
-- groups began moving south through this passage starting around 11,000 BCE
3) and, of course, also along the Pacific Coast
-- reached Monte Verde, Chile 16,500 BCE
4) by 10,000 BCE -- people almost everywhere in western hemisphere
5) killed off some three dozen species of giant animals; became extinct
-- hunting shifted to bison
-- bison adaptability: p. 9
Acorns, p 10
North America's west coast
NW North America: salmon
1300 A.D.
-- hugee cedar plank houses in NW coast
Nations:
-- Tlingits
-- Kaidas
-- Kwakiutls
-- Bella Coolas
-- Makahs
-- Chinooks
Chapter 2: The Egalitarian Continent
Corn, beans, squash
Mesoamerica, p. 13.
Then about 1700 BCE:
-- people started moving to a narrow and slightly elevated landform near the lower Mississippi Valley
-- 6 centuries -- until 700 BCE
-- a new Mound Builder civilization: Aden-Hopewell
-- central Ohio Vallley
5) 7500 BCE
-- invention of the Atlatl
killed off bison by the thousands
6) 900 CE
-- new climate cycle
-- lengtheneed the growing season
-- benefits Hohokam and Mogollon farmeers
Ancestral Puebloans
10-mile loong Chako Canyon in the Colorado Plateau
Pueblo Bonito
7) By early 6th century
-- the Adena-Hopewall dissolved into countless competing groups
Cahookia: p. 16
Monks Mound
-- wide-spread Mississippian culture
-- warm period gave way to Little Ice Age -- early 19th century
Now back to Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, p 20
1130 BCE: abandoned; moved south
--> broke into Hopis, Zunis, Pueblos along the Rio Grande River
-- again, the Little Ice Age
-- Hohokams --> Tohono O'odham people, p. 20.
Mogollon-->Paquimé -- transitional belt where North America becomes Mesoamerica -- becomes one of the greatest turning points in the history of the Americas, p. 21.
North America was diverging from the rest of the western hemisphere.
Mesoamerica:
-- Mayan city: Chichén Itzá -- northern Yucatán -- Inca Empire
-- Teeotihuacán in Valley of Mexico, Aztecs
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